Superficial thrombophlebitis is the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) in the superficial venous vasculature, often associated with inflammation of the vessel walls

Aetiology

• Superficial thrombophlebitis is most commonly caused by venous stasis, endothelial injury, and hypercoagulable states, known as Virchow's triad
• Other predisposing factors include varicose veins, hormonal contraceptive use, pregnancy, obesity, smoking, and certain systemic diseases like malignancies

Clinical features

• Commonly affects the lower limbs but can occur in any superficial vein
• Localised pain along the course of the veinItching
• Erythema (skin redness)
• Tenderness and warmth over the affected vein
• Discolouration of the skin
• Palpable, firm, cord-like vein

Investigations

The diagnosis of superficial thrombophlebitis is primarily clinical, but further investigations may include:

• Doppler ultrasound: to confirm the diagnosis and rule out DVT
• D-dimer: may be elevated but is nonspecific
• Bloods: FBC, coagulation profile, and inflammatory markers
  • Useful in certain cases to identify underlying systemic diseases

Management

• Compression stockings: provide symptomatic relief and reduce the risk of thrombus progression
• NSAIDs: to alleviate symptoms and reduce inflammation
• Topical treatments: such as warm compresses and topical NSAIDs